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Melanotan 2 references

Product analyses, clinical experiments and case reports.

Product contents and identity

The 2015 online-product analysis, 2021 confiscated-sample investigation and 2024 identification paper are a good starting point. The falsified-biotechnology review adds the wider supply context.

Human experiments and reported harms

The pigmentation pilot and erectile-dysfunction crossover study describe small controlled experiments. Reports of renal infarction, priapism and oral pigmentation describe clinical events after use. Their designs answer different questions, which matters when comparing a trial result with a harm report.

Afamelanotide studies appear in this list under that drug’s own name. The full list below includes the animal experiments and historical reviews. I favour the contents papers because every biological claim assumes some knowledge of the material involved.

  1. Hadley ME, Dorr RT. Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization. Peptides. 2006;27(4):921-930. ↗
  2. Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, Brooks C, Xiang L, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME. Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Life Sci. 1996;58(20):1777-1784. ↗
  3. Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N. Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. J Urol. 1998;160(2):389-393. ↗
  4. Dorr RT, Dvorakova K, Brooks C, Lines R, Levine N, Schram K, Miketova P, Hruby V, Alberts DS. Increased eumelanin expression and tanning is induced by a superpotent melanotropin [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH in humans. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72(4):526-532. ↗
  5. Langendonk JG, Balwani M, Anderson KE, et al. Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):48-59. ↗
  6. Mazzarino M, et al. Barbie drug identification: Not a child's play. J Forensic Sci. 2024;69(6). ↗
  7. Melanotan II User Experience: A Qualitative Study of Online Discussion Forums. 2021. ↗
  8. The 'Barbie Drug' — marketing and perceptions of melanotan on social media. 2025. ↗
  9. Eruptive dysplastic nevi following melanotan use. 2012. ↗
  10. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced eruptive nevi. 2009. ↗
  11. Eruptive melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection. 2009. ↗
  12. Eruptive naevi and darkening of pre-existing naevi 24 h after a single mono-dose injection of melanotan II. 2014. ↗
  13. Dermoscopic changes in melanocytic nevi during use of melanotan II. Hautarzt. 2012;63(11):880-884. ↗
  14. Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-II. 2014. ↗
  15. Changes of melanocytic lesions induced by Melanotan injections and sun bed use in a teenage patient with FAMMM syndrome. 2012. ↗
  16. Melanotan-associated melanoma. 2011. ↗
  17. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. 2012. ↗
  18. Peters B, Hadimeri H, Wahlberg R, Afghahi H. Melanotan II: a possible cause of renal infarction: review of the literature and case report. CEN Case Rep. 2020;9(2):159-161. ↗
  19. Melanotan II overdose associated with priapism. 2013. ↗
  20. Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism. 2021. ↗
  21. Habbema L, et al. Melanotan-induced priapism: a hard-earned tan. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(2):e227644. ↗
  22. Melanotan and the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 2013. ↗
  23. Hemodynamic actions and mechanisms of systemically administered alpha-MSH analogs in mice. 2012. ↗
  24. Systemic but not central nervous system nitric oxide synthase inhibition exacerbates the hypertensive effects of chronic melanocortin-3/4 receptor activation. 2011. ↗
  25. Assessment of the aversive consequences of acute and chronic administration of the melanocortin agonist, MTII. 2003. ↗
  26. Identification and characterization by LC-UV-MS/MS of melanotan II skin-tanning products sold illegally on the Internet. 2015. ↗
  27. LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs. 2021. ↗
  28. Operation resistance: A snapshot of falsified antibiotics and biopharmaceutical injectables in Europe. 2016. ↗
  29. Langan EA, Nie Z, Rhodes LE. Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'? Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):451-455. ↗
  30. The unregulated use of melanotan-II is of public health interest to Australian dermatologists. 2017. ↗
  31. Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review. 2017. ↗
  32. Falsification of biotechnology drugs: current dangers and/or future disasters? 2018. ↗
  33. Biolcati G, Marchesini E, Sorge F, Barbieri L, Schneider-Yin X, Minder EI. Long-term observational study of afamelanotide in 115 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(6):1601-1612. ↗
  34. Preformulation studies with melanotan-II: a potential skin cancer chemopreventive peptide. 1994. ↗
  35. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. 2003. ↗
  36. Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab". 2009. ↗
  37. Eliason NL, Martin L, Low MJ, Sharpe AL. Melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II microinjected in the nucleus accumbens decreases appetitive and consumptive responding for food. Neuropeptides. 2022;96:102289. ↗
  38. Bonchev A. Changes in Oral Mucosa Associated with Melanotan II Injections: A Case Report. Life (Basel). 2026;16(2):265. ↗
  39. Rossler AS, Pfaus JG, Kia HK, Bernabe J, Alexandre L, Giuliano F. The melanocortin agonist, melanotan II, enhances proceptive sexual behaviors in the female rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;85(3):514-521. ↗